Europe’s ageing population is driving an increasing demand for care. It is estimated that the number of EU citizens requiring long-term care (LTC) will rise from 19.5 million in 2016 to 23.6 million in 2030, and up to 30.5 million by 2050.
This growing demand will inevitably lead to a significant rise in the need for healthcare and care workers across the EU. Projections suggest that between 2021 and 2031, there will be around 8 million job openings in the health and care sectors (Brady & Kuiper, 2023).
However, without targeted efforts to improve retention and increase the attractiveness of care professions, workforce shortages will continue to grow. One key challenge lies in the gender imbalance in the sector:
- Women account for 76% of Europe’s 49 million care workers
- 86% of personal care workers in health services are women
- Men represent only 14% of the workforce (Rayner & Brady, 2022)
This gender disparity highlights a missed opportunity. Recruiting more men into care work could be part of the solution to the sector’s staffing crisis. It would also support the goals of the EU Care Strategy, which aims to:
- Improve working conditions and work-life balance for carers
- Address gender inequalities linked to care roles
Cultural Barriers and Gender Stereotypes
Despite this potential, efforts to recruit men face multiple barriers:
- Low pay and limited career progression
- A persistent view that caregiving is “women’s work”
- Cultural stereotypes associating care with “feminine” traits like empathy, communication, and nurture
This perception begins early. Studies in nursing education show that male students often view care as feminized, which affects their experience and identity formation:
"Men entering nursing must navigate a female-dominated culture where professional identity is shaped by traditionally feminine values."
(Bakken, 2010; Christensen & Knight, 2014; MacWilliams et al., 2013; Abrahamsen, 2004; Simpson, 2004)
Men who stay in the profession may choose to:
- Embrace the values of “caring masculinity” — integrating care and empathy into their male identity (Elliott, 2015)
- Or gravitate toward masculine-coded specialties like emergency or technical care roles (Storm, 2019)
Studies have also revealed that:
- Male carers may feel isolated or subordinated by female co-workers (Storm, 2019)
- Clients often prefer female carers, leading to role conflicts and increased workloads for female staff (Andersson, 2012)
- Men in lower-paid, women-dominated roles experience stigma and limited advancement (Price-Glynn & Rakovski, 2010)
This complexity is well captured in William’s (1992) “glass escalator” metaphor — which doesn't apply evenly when men are working in working-class, female-coded jobs.